Photo credit: Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org
Management Category
Squamish
Whistler
Pemberton
Vectors of Spread
Synonyms
Curly pondweed, curly leaf pondweed
ID Characteristics
General: Herbaceous, partially or entirely submersed aquatic species.
Flowers: Small and reddish-brown, with 4 petal-like lobes, arranged in a dense spike on a curved 2.5 – 5 cm stalk. Flower spikes often emerge above the water surface.
Stems: Light green or yellowish-white, branched and flattened. Stems can be over 1 m tall in deeper waters.
Turions: Bur-like, prickly buds that form along the stem just above the site of leaf attachment. Turions break free and form new plants; they can stay viable for up to two years.
Leaves: Lance-shaped and somewhat translucent. They appear reddish-green when submerged, but green out of the water. Leaves are 0.5 – 1.5 cm wide and 3 – 10 cm long, wavy (lasagna-like) and arranged in a spiral along the stem.
Similar Species
Large-leaved Pondweed, Potamogeton amplifolius (P. Dziuk)
Native
Large-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton amplifolius) has leaves with smooth edges.
Habitat and Origin
Native to Eurasia, Africa and Australia. Introduced to the USA in the mid-1800s, likely unintentionally, through fish stocking operations.
Curled pondweed is generally found in ponds, rivers, wetlands, lakes, streams and brackish waters 1 – 3 m deep. This plant prefers alkaline and eutrophic waters. It can be found in disturbed sites and various substrates, like gravel, fine sand, loamy mud and clay. It can also survive over winter under ice.
How it Spreads
Curled pondweed reproduces mainly vegetatively, via the spread of rhizomes (underground plant stems) or plant fragments. It also has turions (buds) that break free, sink to the bottom and germinate the following year. Finally, Curled pondweed can reproduce by seed, but it has a very low germination rate.
Plant fragments and turions are transported by aquatic equipment, waterfowl, and aquaculture mailings. Turions are also dispersed by wind and water flow.
Impacts
Ecological:
- Outcompetes native aquatic vegetation by limiting the light available for photosynthesis.
- Can cause algal blooms and ultimately eutrophication in water bodies, which may result in the death of fish and other aquatic species due to hypoxic conditions.
Economic:
- Decreases the real estate value and the aesthetic appeal of a waterbody.
- Negatively impacts tourism by impeding recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and swimming.
Prevent the Spread
Curled pondweed is found in the Sea to Sky region, but with a limited distribution. The goal is to eradicate this species from the region, and to prevent new introductions.
Learn to identify curled pondweed: use the images on this profile page to learn how to identify curled pondweed.
What to do if you spot it: You can report any curled pondweed sighting by visiting our reporting page.
DO:
- Ensure that plants are disposed of in a garbage bag if found in an aquarium or water feature to prevent it from spreading.
- Clean, Drain, and Dry all watercraft. Rinse all mud, debris, and plant fragments from all equipment, wading gear, and boats.
DO NOT:
- Do not plant curled pondweed in a water garden.
- Do not dispose of aquarium plants in water bodies.
Control
Cultural
Benthic barriers made from a variety of materials (such as heavy, opaque plastic) can be placed over an infestation to prevent sunlight from reaching the plants and restrict upward growth. The installation should occur during spring to prevent the plants from exceeding 0.5 m tall and greatly increasing their biomass.
However, keep in mind that benthic barriers affect all vegetation, not just the undesirable curled pondweed.
Mechanical
Raking and hand-cutting curled pondweed is a relatively effective mechanical control method but should be performed early in the season. Ensure that as many plant fragments are removed as possible, as any left could produce new plants. Cutting at the sediment surface has been shown to reduce turion production.
Mechanical methods generally need to be repeated for several years, and monitored thereafter to ensure the plant doesn’t re-establish.
Chemical
Herbicides cannot be applied in aquatic environments in Canada. Herbicide control is not recommended for this species.
Biological
Sterile triploids of the white amur grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) can be used to control curled pondweed infestations, as they are a relatively non-selective herbivorous species. Careful monitoring of feeding impacts is necessary, as the fish might also consume desirable aquatic vegetation.
Sea to Sky Distribution
Curled Pondweed Factsheet
Having trouble viewing the factsheet? Don’t worry, all the information is included on this page. You can also contact us with any questions.
References
- Adirondack Water Institute, Curly-leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)
- Electronic Atlas of the Flora of BC, Invasive, Noxious and Problem Plants of British Columbia
- Fraser Valley Invasive Species Society, Curly-Leaf Pondweed
- Global Invasive Species Database, Potamogeton crispus
- Illinois Wildflowers, Curly Pondweed
- Invasive Species Compendium, Potamogeton crispus (curlyleaf pondweed)
- Invasive Species Council of Alberta, Curly Leaf Pondweed
- Invasive Species Council of Manitoba, Curly Leaf Pondweed Factsheet
- Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Curly-leaf pondweed
- Minnesota Wildflowers, Curly Pondweed
- Montana Field Guides, Curly-leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)
- State of Michigan, Status and Strategy for Curly-leafed Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.)
- University of California Davis, Curlyleaf Pondweed
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Curly Pondweed
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife, Curly Leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus)
- Wisconsin Sea Grant, Curlyleaf Pondweed